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Showing posts with label Chad. Show all posts

How Chad President Idriss Deby dies visiting front-line troops, his 37-year-old son takes over - Army

How Chad President Idriss Deby dies visiting front-line troops, his 37-year-old son takes over - Army


In Africa, Chad’s longtime President Idriss Deby has died of wounds suffered on the front line in the country’s north, where he had gone to visit soldiers battling rebels, the armed forces said.


Deby, 68, “has just breathed his last defending the sovereign nation on the battlefield” over the weekend, army spokesman General Azem Bermandoa Agouna said in a statement read out on state television on Tuesday, a day after Deby was declared the winner of a presidential election.


The exact circumstances of Deby’s death were not immediately clear. The army said the president had been commanding his army at the weekend as it battled rebels who had launched a major incursion into the north of the country on election day on April 11.


Agouna also said a military council led by the late president’s 37-year-old son, four-star General Mahamat Idriss Deby, would replace him. A curfew has been imposed and the country’s borders have been shut in the wake of the president’s death.


Experts say that under Chadian law, the speaker of parliament should have taken power after Deby’s death and not his son.


“What the constitution says is that in the absence of the president or in case he dies, then the speaker of the parliament takes charge of the country for 40 days and so a transition is put in place until elections are held,” Al Jazeera’s Hiba Morgan, reporting from the capital, N’Djamena, said.


“[But] the military announced that the legislative assembly has been dissolved and that the constitution also has been dissolved, so what they are doing is that they replaced the constitution with their own set of rules.”


Meanwhile, authorities said a state funeral will be held on Friday. Heads of state and government of “friendly countries” will attend the ceremony in N’Djamena, before Deby is laid to rest in his home region in the country’s far east.


The shock announcement came a day after Deby, who came to power in a rebellion in 1990, won a sixth term. Provisional results released on Monday showed Deby had taken 79.3 percent of the vote.


The president postponed his victory speech to supporters and instead went to visit Chadian soldiers battling rebels, according to his campaign manager.


The rebel group Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT), which is based across the northern frontier with Libya, attacked a border post in the provinces of Tibesti and Kanem on election day and then advanced hundreds of kilometres south.


But it suffered a setback over the weekend.


Agouna had told Reuters news agency that army troops killed more than 300 fighters and captured 150 on Saturday in Kanem province, about 300km (185 miles) from N’Djamena. Five government soldiers were killed and 36 were wounded, he said.


FACT said in a statement on Sunday that it had “liberated” the Kanem region. Such claims in remote desert combat zones are difficult to verify.


Relished the military culture

Deby’s latest election victory had never been in doubt, with a divided opposition, boycott calls and a campaign in which demonstrations were banned or dispersed.


The president had campaigned on a promise of bringing peace and security to the region, but his pledges were undermined by the rebel incursion.


The government had sought on Monday to assure concerned residents that the offensive was over.

There had been panic in some areas of N’Djamena on Monday after tanks were deployed along the city’s main roads, an AFP journalist reported. The tanks were later withdrawn apart from a perimeter around the president’s office, which is under heavy security during normal times.


“The establishment of a security deployment in certain areas of the capital seems to have been misunderstood,” government spokesman Cherif Mahamat Zene had said on Twitter on Monday. “There is no particular threat to fear.”


However, the US embassy in N’Djamena on Saturday had ordered non-essential personnel to leave the country, warning of possible violence in the capital. Britain also urged its nationals to leave.


France’s embassy said in an advisory to its nationals in Chad that the deployment was a precaution and there was no specific threat to the capital.


The Tibesti mountains near the Libyan frontier frequently see fighting between rebels and the army, as well as in the northeast bordering Sudan. France carried out air raids in February 2019 to stop an incursion there.


In February 2008, a rebel assault reached the gates of the presidential palace before being pushed back with French backing.


Political leaders expressed their condolences following the announcement of Deby’s death.


“France lost a brave friend,” French President Emmanuel Macron’s office said in a statement. “It expresses its strong attachment to Chad’s stability and territorial integrity,” it continued, adding it had taken note of the creation of the interim military body and urging a quick return to civilian rule and a peaceful transition.


For its part, the White House offered “sincere condolences” to Chadians.


“We condemn recent violence and loss of life in Chad,” a spokesperson said in a statement. “We support a peaceful transition of power in accordance with the Chadian constitution.”


Sources: News agencies


In Africa, Chad’s longtime President Idriss Deby has died of wounds suffered on the front line in the country’s north, where he had gone to visit soldiers battling rebels, the armed forces said.


Deby, 68, “has just breathed his last defending the sovereign nation on the battlefield” over the weekend, army spokesman General Azem Bermandoa Agouna said in a statement read out on state television on Tuesday, a day after Deby was declared the winner of a presidential election.


The exact circumstances of Deby’s death were not immediately clear. The army said the president had been commanding his army at the weekend as it battled rebels who had launched a major incursion into the north of the country on election day on April 11.


Agouna also said a military council led by the late president’s 37-year-old son, four-star General Mahamat Idriss Deby, would replace him. A curfew has been imposed and the country’s borders have been shut in the wake of the president’s death.


Experts say that under Chadian law, the speaker of parliament should have taken power after Deby’s death and not his son.


“What the constitution says is that in the absence of the president or in case he dies, then the speaker of the parliament takes charge of the country for 40 days and so a transition is put in place until elections are held,” Al Jazeera’s Hiba Morgan, reporting from the capital, N’Djamena, said.


“[But] the military announced that the legislative assembly has been dissolved and that the constitution also has been dissolved, so what they are doing is that they replaced the constitution with their own set of rules.”


Meanwhile, authorities said a state funeral will be held on Friday. Heads of state and government of “friendly countries” will attend the ceremony in N’Djamena, before Deby is laid to rest in his home region in the country’s far east.


The shock announcement came a day after Deby, who came to power in a rebellion in 1990, won a sixth term. Provisional results released on Monday showed Deby had taken 79.3 percent of the vote.


The president postponed his victory speech to supporters and instead went to visit Chadian soldiers battling rebels, according to his campaign manager.


The rebel group Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT), which is based across the northern frontier with Libya, attacked a border post in the provinces of Tibesti and Kanem on election day and then advanced hundreds of kilometres south.


But it suffered a setback over the weekend.


Agouna had told Reuters news agency that army troops killed more than 300 fighters and captured 150 on Saturday in Kanem province, about 300km (185 miles) from N’Djamena. Five government soldiers were killed and 36 were wounded, he said.


FACT said in a statement on Sunday that it had “liberated” the Kanem region. Such claims in remote desert combat zones are difficult to verify.


Relished the military culture

Deby’s latest election victory had never been in doubt, with a divided opposition, boycott calls and a campaign in which demonstrations were banned or dispersed.


The president had campaigned on a promise of bringing peace and security to the region, but his pledges were undermined by the rebel incursion.


The government had sought on Monday to assure concerned residents that the offensive was over.

There had been panic in some areas of N’Djamena on Monday after tanks were deployed along the city’s main roads, an AFP journalist reported. The tanks were later withdrawn apart from a perimeter around the president’s office, which is under heavy security during normal times.


“The establishment of a security deployment in certain areas of the capital seems to have been misunderstood,” government spokesman Cherif Mahamat Zene had said on Twitter on Monday. “There is no particular threat to fear.”


However, the US embassy in N’Djamena on Saturday had ordered non-essential personnel to leave the country, warning of possible violence in the capital. Britain also urged its nationals to leave.


France’s embassy said in an advisory to its nationals in Chad that the deployment was a precaution and there was no specific threat to the capital.


The Tibesti mountains near the Libyan frontier frequently see fighting between rebels and the army, as well as in the northeast bordering Sudan. France carried out air raids in February 2019 to stop an incursion there.


In February 2008, a rebel assault reached the gates of the presidential palace before being pushed back with French backing.


Political leaders expressed their condolences following the announcement of Deby’s death.


“France lost a brave friend,” French President Emmanuel Macron’s office said in a statement. “It expresses its strong attachment to Chad’s stability and territorial integrity,” it continued, adding it had taken note of the creation of the interim military body and urging a quick return to civilian rule and a peaceful transition.


For its part, the White House offered “sincere condolences” to Chadians.


“We condemn recent violence and loss of life in Chad,” a spokesperson said in a statement. “We support a peaceful transition of power in accordance with the Chadian constitution.”


Sources: News agencies

CONVERSATION: OVER 4MILLION CHADIANS NOW HAVE NIN, IS CHAD PART OF NIGERIA, WHAT IS HAPPENING TO OUR COUNTRY?

CONVERSATION: OVER 4MILLION CHADIANS NOW HAVE NIN, IS CHAD PART OF NIGERIA, WHAT IS HAPPENING TO OUR COUNTRY?

 Nelson Leo



Did I not tell you that Isa Pantami has other plans beyond N.I.N registration?


1-He wants N.I.N to replace BVN because BVN did not capture Chadians, Nigeriens, Bukinabes, Malians, Senegalese and Sudanese.


2-He is fighting to integrate NIN with INEC to violate our voters register.


3-He is trying to link NIN with National Population Census enumeration data base to capture foreign Fulani's into Nigeria's census figures.



National Assembly must rise to the shenanigans of this fraudulent Minister of Communication.


Southern Senators should sit up and query this man's devilish moves to change Nigeria's demography.


A stitch in time saves nine.


WHAT ARE YOUR OPINIONS?

 Nelson Leo



Did I not tell you that Isa Pantami has other plans beyond N.I.N registration?


1-He wants N.I.N to replace BVN because BVN did not capture Chadians, Nigeriens, Bukinabes, Malians, Senegalese and Sudanese.


2-He is fighting to integrate NIN with INEC to violate our voters register.


3-He is trying to link NIN with National Population Census enumeration data base to capture foreign Fulani's into Nigeria's census figures.



National Assembly must rise to the shenanigans of this fraudulent Minister of Communication.


Southern Senators should sit up and query this man's devilish moves to change Nigeria's demography.


A stitch in time saves nine.


WHAT ARE YOUR OPINIONS?

BOKO HARAM WAR: Chad to end participation in regional anti-jihadist operations - president

BOKO HARAM WAR: Chad to end participation in regional anti-jihadist operations - president

Idriss Deby
N'Djamena (AFP) - Chadian President Idriss Deby Itno has said his country's troops, who have been deployed to fight jihadists in the Lake Chad region and the Sahel, will no longer take part in military operations outside national borders.

"Our troops have died for Lake Chad and the Sahel. From today, no Chadian soldiers will take part in a military mission outside Chad," he told national TV in Arabic on Thursday. His remarks were broadcast in French on Friday.

His remarks coincided with the end of a major offensive by Chad's armed forces against Boko Haram jihadists but also frustration at perceived failures by allies to do more in the fight.

On Thursday, the armed forces said they had wound up an operation against Boko Haram in the Lake Chad region, saying 52 troops had been lost and a thousand jihadists killed.

That operation was launched after 98 Chadian troops were killed in a Boko Haram raid on a base at Bohoma in the lake's marshlands on March 23 -- the biggest one-day military loss in the country's history.

Lake Chad is a vast body of water where the borders of Niger, Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon meet.

Its western shores have been hit by jihadists crossing from northeastern Nigeria, where Boko Haram launched a bloody campaign of violence in 2009.

The implications of Deby's remarks for Chad's wider military involvement were not immediately clear.

The four countries bordering the lake on 2015 set up a formation called the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), also including Benin, to fight Boko Haram.

But Chad, whose armed forces are relatively prestigious in the Sahel, has shown frustration with the MNJTF following the Bohoma losses.

"Chad is alone in shouldering all the burden of the war against Boko Haram," Idriss publicly complained last weekend.

In announcing the end of the offensive on Thursday, the army said its troops had expelled jihadists from Chadian soil and had advanced deep into Niger and Nigeria.

Deby said that he had warned those countries that his forces would move out of bases seized there from the jihadists by April 22, regardless of whether their armed forces moved in or not.

Chadian troops are also part of the so-called G5 Sahel force -- a French-backed scheme to pool 5,000 troops from Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger to roll back jihadism in the Sahel.



Idriss Deby
N'Djamena (AFP) - Chadian President Idriss Deby Itno has said his country's troops, who have been deployed to fight jihadists in the Lake Chad region and the Sahel, will no longer take part in military operations outside national borders.

"Our troops have died for Lake Chad and the Sahel. From today, no Chadian soldiers will take part in a military mission outside Chad," he told national TV in Arabic on Thursday. His remarks were broadcast in French on Friday.

His remarks coincided with the end of a major offensive by Chad's armed forces against Boko Haram jihadists but also frustration at perceived failures by allies to do more in the fight.

On Thursday, the armed forces said they had wound up an operation against Boko Haram in the Lake Chad region, saying 52 troops had been lost and a thousand jihadists killed.

That operation was launched after 98 Chadian troops were killed in a Boko Haram raid on a base at Bohoma in the lake's marshlands on March 23 -- the biggest one-day military loss in the country's history.

Lake Chad is a vast body of water where the borders of Niger, Nigeria, Chad and Cameroon meet.

Its western shores have been hit by jihadists crossing from northeastern Nigeria, where Boko Haram launched a bloody campaign of violence in 2009.

The implications of Deby's remarks for Chad's wider military involvement were not immediately clear.

The four countries bordering the lake on 2015 set up a formation called the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), also including Benin, to fight Boko Haram.

But Chad, whose armed forces are relatively prestigious in the Sahel, has shown frustration with the MNJTF following the Bohoma losses.

"Chad is alone in shouldering all the burden of the war against Boko Haram," Idriss publicly complained last weekend.

In announcing the end of the offensive on Thursday, the army said its troops had expelled jihadists from Chadian soil and had advanced deep into Niger and Nigeria.

Deby said that he had warned those countries that his forces would move out of bases seized there from the jihadists by April 22, regardless of whether their armed forces moved in or not.

Chadian troops are also part of the so-called G5 Sahel force -- a French-backed scheme to pool 5,000 troops from Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania and Niger to roll back jihadism in the Sahel.



52 Chadian troops killed fighting Boko Haram jihadists: army

52 Chadian troops killed fighting Boko Haram jihadists: army

N'djamena, (AFP) The Chadian army said on Thursday it had wound up an offensive against Boko Haram jihadists in the Lake Chad border region in which 52 troops and 1,000 jihadists were killed.


Army spokesman Colonel Azem Bermendoa Agouna told AFP that the operation, launched after nearly 100 soldiers were killed last month, ended Wednesday after the Nigerian jihadists were forced out of the country. 

(AFP)
N'djamena, (AFP) The Chadian army said on Thursday it had wound up an offensive against Boko Haram jihadists in the Lake Chad border region in which 52 troops and 1,000 jihadists were killed.


Army spokesman Colonel Azem Bermendoa Agouna told AFP that the operation, launched after nearly 100 soldiers were killed last month, ended Wednesday after the Nigerian jihadists were forced out of the country. 

(AFP)

How Four African countries, including Nigeria are ‘particularly vulnerable’ to COVID-19 - Report

How Four African countries, including Nigeria are ‘particularly vulnerable’ to COVID-19 - Report

Cape Town — South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Sudan are particularly vulnerable to the spread of COVID-19, says a new survey of factors contributing to the risks which the pandemic poses to African nations.

The seven countries of Cameroon, Ethiopia, Chad, Somalia, Uganda, Egypt and the Central African Republic are the next most vulnerable, according to research done by the Africa Center for Strategic Studies in Washington, DC, a research institution within the United States Department of Defense.

It is worth noting that the top four countries named by the survey as most vulnerable to COVID-19 are all dealing with intransigent conflicts, as are most of the next seven most vulnerable. For years, African scholars and peace advocates have been calling attention to the link between violent conflict and social inequities, and the same combination of factors favors the spread of diseases.

Paralleling the conclusions of African peacebuilding researchers, the survey says that one of nine risk factors – conflict magnitude – magnifies the other risks:

Armed conflict disrupts public health systems in affected areas and limits access to basic goods like food, water, and medical supplies.

The degree of intensity and geographic spread of conflict shapes the level of disruption caused for a society.

Conflict-affected populations are also often starting from higher levels of vulnerability with fewer resource buffers than other populations, making the impact of exposure to an infectious disease all the more severe.

The center’s study evaluates the vulnerability of each of the continent’s nations in nine risk categories: international exposure, the strength of their public health systems, the density of their urban areas, the total population in urban areas, the age of the population, the transparency of their governments, the press freedom they enjoy, levels of conflict and the numbers of displaced people.The other eight risks identified are international exposures, health system weaknesses, urban density, size of urban populations, population age, transparency of governance, press freedom and numbers of displaced peoples.

The risks which the most vulnerable countries face highlights “the importance of trying to identify and limit the spread of the SARS-CoV2 (corona) virus at the early stages, before it becomes entrenched in the high density urban or displaced person areas”, the center says.

Three of the most vulnerable countries – Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan and South Sudan – have made potentially significant progress at conflict resolution, or have had successes despite ongoing conflict. The victory against an Ebola outbreak in eastern Congo this year, despite militia activity that killed both United Nations peacekeepers and health workers, was regarded as remarkable among both political and medical analysts. South Sudan negotiated peace between competing armies for control of the government, and ‘people power’ in Sudan toppled a long-lived despotic ruler who had been convicted of war crimes by the International Criminal Court.

The survey says that the limited exposure of the three countries to international travellers gives them “a brief window to ramp up containment measures”. The hope of reformers and peace activists is that the same popular determination and courageous actions by Africans in each of those nations can be brought to the efforts against COVID-19. Only Nigeria – of the most at-risk countries – has had high rates of international travel. The majority of Nigeria’s identified cases so far were brought across borders by international travelers or Nigerians returning from abroad, or were among people who were exposed to them, who were found through contact tracing.

Key to efforts at containment, says the survey, “will be enhanced and transparent public communications regarding COVID-19, public health guidance, and candid information about what the government is doing and what individuals should do if they exhibit symptoms. For some of these countries, given their constricted space for sharing information, this will require significantly improved levels of transparency and space for independent media.”

Turning to the seven countries next most vulnerable, the center says they, also, among the African countries with less international exposure. But they need to mitigate areas of risk and draw on areas of strength.

The study says that, initially, international exposure, the size of urban populations and a nation’s capacity to test for the virus will determine the number of cases which are reported. It adds that “subsequent stages [in the spread of the virus] are likely to also exploit other vulnerabilities such as weak health systems, densities of urban populations, conflict, size of displaced populations, trust in government, and openness of communications channels”.

The center points to the fact that the number of cases reported, as opposed to the actual numbers of people infected, will depend on the strength of a country’s public health system. “In fact,” it says, “cases of the coronavirus may be widespread elsewhere, though they are not identified and reported.”

Looking beyond nations with relatively higher numbers of reported cases, it says that despite not having Africa’s largest urban populations, countries in the Sahel and Great Lakes regions “appear to be at high risk for severe outbreaks”. It urges that attention be given in those countries to densely- populated cities and towns, to supporting public health systems and being transparent with the public.

” However, each country faces a unique mix of vulnerabilities that will require a customized response.”

” Much remains unknown about the trajectory of the transmission of COVID-19 in Africa. Many fear that with its high levels of poverty, weak health systems, and crowded urban areas, the virus could be particularly devastating. Others hope that with its warmer climate, youthful population, and experience fighting infectious disease, that Africa will be able to avoid the worst of the pandemic.”

” African urban areas are often remarkably densely populated, creating conditions where viruses can spread quickly and undetected in crowded informal settlements. Urban density is characteristic even of relatively sparsely populated countries in the Sahel, where the concentration of human settlements in capital cities creates high levels of vulnerability. A similar pattern is seen in South Sudan, where inhabited areas average 8,730 people per square kilometer. Urban layouts and architectures in these locations are similar to the compacted towns of Spain and Italy, where the virus has hit Europe the hardest to date.”

” Built-up areas across much of Africa have higher population densities than those in Europe and the United States. Influenza transmission rates in India have been found to increase above a population density of 282 people per square kilometer. The density of many built-up areas in Africa is over five times this threshold.”

” Stay-at-home orders will be particularly difficult to maintain in African cities where many residents lack adequate shelter, sanitation, and the monetary means to stock up on supplies and to stop work.”

” Approximately 80 percent of COVID-19 fatalities have been among people over the age of 60. With 70 percent of Africa’s population under the age of 30, Africa’s youth bulge may be a buffer against the most devastating human costs of the disease on the continent.”
” The benefits of a more youthful population, however, will need to be balanced against other underlying health factors facing many African populations such as malaria, malnutrition, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS.”

” Refugees and internally displaced populations may be congregated in large camps with inadequate access to water, soap, or sanitation. Health services are often overstretched and inaccessible. The close quarters typical of such settlements greatly facilitates the spread of any infection once it is introduced. Eighty-five percent of Africa’s 25 million forcibly displaced persons are concentrated in 8 countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), South Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria, the Central African Republic (CAR), and Cameroon.”

Cape Town — South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria and Sudan are particularly vulnerable to the spread of COVID-19, says a new survey of factors contributing to the risks which the pandemic poses to African nations.

The seven countries of Cameroon, Ethiopia, Chad, Somalia, Uganda, Egypt and the Central African Republic are the next most vulnerable, according to research done by the Africa Center for Strategic Studies in Washington, DC, a research institution within the United States Department of Defense.

It is worth noting that the top four countries named by the survey as most vulnerable to COVID-19 are all dealing with intransigent conflicts, as are most of the next seven most vulnerable. For years, African scholars and peace advocates have been calling attention to the link between violent conflict and social inequities, and the same combination of factors favors the spread of diseases.

Paralleling the conclusions of African peacebuilding researchers, the survey says that one of nine risk factors – conflict magnitude – magnifies the other risks:

Armed conflict disrupts public health systems in affected areas and limits access to basic goods like food, water, and medical supplies.

The degree of intensity and geographic spread of conflict shapes the level of disruption caused for a society.

Conflict-affected populations are also often starting from higher levels of vulnerability with fewer resource buffers than other populations, making the impact of exposure to an infectious disease all the more severe.

The center’s study evaluates the vulnerability of each of the continent’s nations in nine risk categories: international exposure, the strength of their public health systems, the density of their urban areas, the total population in urban areas, the age of the population, the transparency of their governments, the press freedom they enjoy, levels of conflict and the numbers of displaced people.The other eight risks identified are international exposures, health system weaknesses, urban density, size of urban populations, population age, transparency of governance, press freedom and numbers of displaced peoples.

The risks which the most vulnerable countries face highlights “the importance of trying to identify and limit the spread of the SARS-CoV2 (corona) virus at the early stages, before it becomes entrenched in the high density urban or displaced person areas”, the center says.

Three of the most vulnerable countries – Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan and South Sudan – have made potentially significant progress at conflict resolution, or have had successes despite ongoing conflict. The victory against an Ebola outbreak in eastern Congo this year, despite militia activity that killed both United Nations peacekeepers and health workers, was regarded as remarkable among both political and medical analysts. South Sudan negotiated peace between competing armies for control of the government, and ‘people power’ in Sudan toppled a long-lived despotic ruler who had been convicted of war crimes by the International Criminal Court.

The survey says that the limited exposure of the three countries to international travellers gives them “a brief window to ramp up containment measures”. The hope of reformers and peace activists is that the same popular determination and courageous actions by Africans in each of those nations can be brought to the efforts against COVID-19. Only Nigeria – of the most at-risk countries – has had high rates of international travel. The majority of Nigeria’s identified cases so far were brought across borders by international travelers or Nigerians returning from abroad, or were among people who were exposed to them, who were found through contact tracing.

Key to efforts at containment, says the survey, “will be enhanced and transparent public communications regarding COVID-19, public health guidance, and candid information about what the government is doing and what individuals should do if they exhibit symptoms. For some of these countries, given their constricted space for sharing information, this will require significantly improved levels of transparency and space for independent media.”

Turning to the seven countries next most vulnerable, the center says they, also, among the African countries with less international exposure. But they need to mitigate areas of risk and draw on areas of strength.

The study says that, initially, international exposure, the size of urban populations and a nation’s capacity to test for the virus will determine the number of cases which are reported. It adds that “subsequent stages [in the spread of the virus] are likely to also exploit other vulnerabilities such as weak health systems, densities of urban populations, conflict, size of displaced populations, trust in government, and openness of communications channels”.

The center points to the fact that the number of cases reported, as opposed to the actual numbers of people infected, will depend on the strength of a country’s public health system. “In fact,” it says, “cases of the coronavirus may be widespread elsewhere, though they are not identified and reported.”

Looking beyond nations with relatively higher numbers of reported cases, it says that despite not having Africa’s largest urban populations, countries in the Sahel and Great Lakes regions “appear to be at high risk for severe outbreaks”. It urges that attention be given in those countries to densely- populated cities and towns, to supporting public health systems and being transparent with the public.

” However, each country faces a unique mix of vulnerabilities that will require a customized response.”

” Much remains unknown about the trajectory of the transmission of COVID-19 in Africa. Many fear that with its high levels of poverty, weak health systems, and crowded urban areas, the virus could be particularly devastating. Others hope that with its warmer climate, youthful population, and experience fighting infectious disease, that Africa will be able to avoid the worst of the pandemic.”

” African urban areas are often remarkably densely populated, creating conditions where viruses can spread quickly and undetected in crowded informal settlements. Urban density is characteristic even of relatively sparsely populated countries in the Sahel, where the concentration of human settlements in capital cities creates high levels of vulnerability. A similar pattern is seen in South Sudan, where inhabited areas average 8,730 people per square kilometer. Urban layouts and architectures in these locations are similar to the compacted towns of Spain and Italy, where the virus has hit Europe the hardest to date.”

” Built-up areas across much of Africa have higher population densities than those in Europe and the United States. Influenza transmission rates in India have been found to increase above a population density of 282 people per square kilometer. The density of many built-up areas in Africa is over five times this threshold.”

” Stay-at-home orders will be particularly difficult to maintain in African cities where many residents lack adequate shelter, sanitation, and the monetary means to stock up on supplies and to stop work.”

” Approximately 80 percent of COVID-19 fatalities have been among people over the age of 60. With 70 percent of Africa’s population under the age of 30, Africa’s youth bulge may be a buffer against the most devastating human costs of the disease on the continent.”
” The benefits of a more youthful population, however, will need to be balanced against other underlying health factors facing many African populations such as malaria, malnutrition, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS.”

” Refugees and internally displaced populations may be congregated in large camps with inadequate access to water, soap, or sanitation. Health services are often overstretched and inaccessible. The close quarters typical of such settlements greatly facilitates the spread of any infection once it is introduced. Eighty-five percent of Africa’s 25 million forcibly displaced persons are concentrated in 8 countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), South Sudan, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Nigeria, the Central African Republic (CAR), and Cameroon.”

BOKO HARAM: CHADIAN TROOPS AND FORTUNE REVERSAL

BOKO HARAM: CHADIAN TROOPS AND FORTUNE REVERSAL

"Idris Deby has embarrassed Nigeria, a small-country President cleaning up a far bigger and richer one’s mess. Without Mr. Déby and his battle-hardened soldiers, analysts and diplomats say, there would be nobody on the ramparts in this vulnerable part of Africa. The Chadians are essential. They are the most capable military in the region, by a long shot

Mr. Déby showed no hint of triumphalism. Instead, he was frustrated, impatient: His men were stuck, still awaiting any sign of Nigerian forces who could come take over. He does not want to be holding Nigerian territory."- New York Times
************************************************
President Idris Deby gushed recently during an interview granted to New York Times, "We want the Nigerians to come and occupy, so we can advance. We can’t go any further in Nigeria. We’re not an army of occupation"

Its fortune reversal scenario and a situation extremely shameful for Nigerian military under President Muhammadu Buhari today and its even more poignant that a small nation like Chad is now the one rescuing Nigeria in the fight against Boko Haram and insurgency

Remember in 1984 same Buhari was decisive in dealing with enemies of the Nigerian state, when Chadian troops killed Nigerian soldiers, during the regime of President Hissène Habré.
Buhari as a strongman then enthused in a jocular manner “unfortunately for Hissène Habré those Nigerian soldiers were under me,” which led to Chadian troops being dealt with mercilessly, same way he was merciless against the Maitatsine which resurrected in Adamawa State after they were exiled from Kano by Late Emir Ado Bayero during same period

Question remains why is Nigerian military of today behaving like sissy, ill equipped and ill motivated. Chadian troops are more capable today, rag-tag insurgents like Boko Haram militants messing with Nigerian military, the armed forces regarded as one of the best in Africa during ECOMOG and global peace keeping campaign in the past

#justscribblingmythoughts

Duke F Cole
"Idris Deby has embarrassed Nigeria, a small-country President cleaning up a far bigger and richer one’s mess. Without Mr. Déby and his battle-hardened soldiers, analysts and diplomats say, there would be nobody on the ramparts in this vulnerable part of Africa. The Chadians are essential. They are the most capable military in the region, by a long shot

Mr. Déby showed no hint of triumphalism. Instead, he was frustrated, impatient: His men were stuck, still awaiting any sign of Nigerian forces who could come take over. He does not want to be holding Nigerian territory."- New York Times
************************************************
President Idris Deby gushed recently during an interview granted to New York Times, "We want the Nigerians to come and occupy, so we can advance. We can’t go any further in Nigeria. We’re not an army of occupation"

Its fortune reversal scenario and a situation extremely shameful for Nigerian military under President Muhammadu Buhari today and its even more poignant that a small nation like Chad is now the one rescuing Nigeria in the fight against Boko Haram and insurgency

Remember in 1984 same Buhari was decisive in dealing with enemies of the Nigerian state, when Chadian troops killed Nigerian soldiers, during the regime of President Hissène Habré.
Buhari as a strongman then enthused in a jocular manner “unfortunately for Hissène Habré those Nigerian soldiers were under me,” which led to Chadian troops being dealt with mercilessly, same way he was merciless against the Maitatsine which resurrected in Adamawa State after they were exiled from Kano by Late Emir Ado Bayero during same period

Question remains why is Nigerian military of today behaving like sissy, ill equipped and ill motivated. Chadian troops are more capable today, rag-tag insurgents like Boko Haram militants messing with Nigerian military, the armed forces regarded as one of the best in Africa during ECOMOG and global peace keeping campaign in the past

#justscribblingmythoughts

Duke F Cole

How Chadian Troops Led By President Idris Debby Burst Boko Haram Warehouse

How Chadian Troops Led By President Idris Debby Burst Boko Haram Warehouse

Chadian troops free Nigerian soldiers in captivity, kill 100 Boko Haram terrorists


The Boko Haram terrorists have been using Chad's territory to lunch attack on Nigeria's territory. Nigerian army says it's against protocol for Nigeria to enter Chad to dislodge them. Chad now choose to be responsible for once.


But Nigerian Daily post reported that the Chadian troops unleashed attacks against the terrorist without respect for boundaries with Nigeria and Niger and thereby discovered hundreds of weapons

Chadian troops have continued their massive bombardment of Boko Haram enclaves. The major onslaught commenced on Sunday March 29, 2020.

Troops have been recording success to the extent that the sect leader, Abubakar Shekau, released an audio asking his fleeing fighters to remain at battlefield.

This followed the killing of 100 of its members in Magumeri, a local government in the northern part of Borno. Borno is the major hotbed of Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria.


According to West Africa Reporters on Sunday, Nigerian soldiers in the sect’s captivity were freed. It quoted sources from the Lake Chad region as saying the Chadian soldiers are hitting the Boko Haram insurgents hard.

It said the insurgents were fleeing and that President Idriss Déby has been moving around in a chopper to monitor Boko Haram destruction.

On Saturday, soldiers destroyed five bases of Boko Haram hideouts and recovered hundreds of assorted weapons.

The bases, located in Niger and Nigeria, were targeted in the ongoing “Operation Boma’s Wrath”.


In reaction, Chad’s presidency vowed to sustain the raid against the insurgents wherever they were hiding.

Boma is where the terror group killled over 90 soldiers nearly two weeks ago


"I can assure Chadians, the entire zone that border with Niger, Nigeria & Cameroon is now under control, not even a single Boko Haram Terrorist. We taught them a lesson they will never forget, those of them alive. Iddris Debby, Chadian President said after the humiliating onslaughts against the Islamic State linked Boko Haram terrorists.

During his visit to the scene, President Idriss Deby called it the worst attack ever on the country’s military.

He then vowed to ensure the crush of Boko Haram around the Lake Chad region.

The military, within a few days, deployed gun trucks, gunships, armoured vehicles and troops currently at war.
Their superior firepower has caused deaths of scores of insurgents while others are running away from their positions.
On Twitter, an intelligence expert, @DonKlericuzio, published a video of an earlier battle at Kelkoua near Lake Chad.

“Chadian forces fire rockets and 12.5mm rounds on #BokoHaram fighters from both flanks. Several BHT bunkers were discovered and destroyed.


@DonKlericuzio
Thursday evening battle at kelkoua, bank of Lake Chad as Tchadian forces fire rockets and 12.5mm rounds on #BokoHaram fighters from both flanks. Several BHT bunkers were discovered and destroyed.


“On the request of Chad, Israeli Airforce mapped out the entire Lake Chad both natural and artificial islands for Chad which aided the offensive”, he tweeted.
Chadian troops free Nigerian soldiers in captivity, kill 100 Boko Haram terrorists


The Boko Haram terrorists have been using Chad's territory to lunch attack on Nigeria's territory. Nigerian army says it's against protocol for Nigeria to enter Chad to dislodge them. Chad now choose to be responsible for once.


But Nigerian Daily post reported that the Chadian troops unleashed attacks against the terrorist without respect for boundaries with Nigeria and Niger and thereby discovered hundreds of weapons

Chadian troops have continued their massive bombardment of Boko Haram enclaves. The major onslaught commenced on Sunday March 29, 2020.

Troops have been recording success to the extent that the sect leader, Abubakar Shekau, released an audio asking his fleeing fighters to remain at battlefield.

This followed the killing of 100 of its members in Magumeri, a local government in the northern part of Borno. Borno is the major hotbed of Boko Haram crisis in Nigeria.


According to West Africa Reporters on Sunday, Nigerian soldiers in the sect’s captivity were freed. It quoted sources from the Lake Chad region as saying the Chadian soldiers are hitting the Boko Haram insurgents hard.

It said the insurgents were fleeing and that President Idriss Déby has been moving around in a chopper to monitor Boko Haram destruction.

On Saturday, soldiers destroyed five bases of Boko Haram hideouts and recovered hundreds of assorted weapons.

The bases, located in Niger and Nigeria, were targeted in the ongoing “Operation Boma’s Wrath”.


In reaction, Chad’s presidency vowed to sustain the raid against the insurgents wherever they were hiding.

Boma is where the terror group killled over 90 soldiers nearly two weeks ago


"I can assure Chadians, the entire zone that border with Niger, Nigeria & Cameroon is now under control, not even a single Boko Haram Terrorist. We taught them a lesson they will never forget, those of them alive. Iddris Debby, Chadian President said after the humiliating onslaughts against the Islamic State linked Boko Haram terrorists.

During his visit to the scene, President Idriss Deby called it the worst attack ever on the country’s military.

He then vowed to ensure the crush of Boko Haram around the Lake Chad region.

The military, within a few days, deployed gun trucks, gunships, armoured vehicles and troops currently at war.
Their superior firepower has caused deaths of scores of insurgents while others are running away from their positions.
On Twitter, an intelligence expert, @DonKlericuzio, published a video of an earlier battle at Kelkoua near Lake Chad.

“Chadian forces fire rockets and 12.5mm rounds on #BokoHaram fighters from both flanks. Several BHT bunkers were discovered and destroyed.


@DonKlericuzio
Thursday evening battle at kelkoua, bank of Lake Chad as Tchadian forces fire rockets and 12.5mm rounds on #BokoHaram fighters from both flanks. Several BHT bunkers were discovered and destroyed.


“On the request of Chad, Israeli Airforce mapped out the entire Lake Chad both natural and artificial islands for Chad which aided the offensive”, he tweeted.

Leading human rights defender detained secretly in Chad for saying Idriss Deby hospitalised- AI

Leading human rights defender detained secretly in Chad for saying Idriss Deby hospitalised- AI

(AFP) Amnesty International said the head of a human rights group in Chad was being “secretly detained” for saying on social media that President Idriss Deby Itno had been hospitalised.

The authorities confirmed that Baradine Berdei Targuio, head of the Chadian Organisation for Human Rights, was being investigated in connection with “cyber crime.” But they dismissed any claims that his life was in danger.

In a statement, Amnesty said Berdei Targuio was arrested at his home in front of his wife and children by “armed and masked men” on January 24.

“He was reportedly taken to the National Security Agency,” Chad’s domestic and foreign intelligence agency, “and his family has not seen him since,” it said.

“Several people have already been submitted to acts of torture and other mistreatment during their detention at the ANS and Amnesty International therefore believes that Baradine Berdei Targuio could be in danger,” it alleged.

Justice Minister Djimet Arabi told AFP that Berdei Targui was being “prosecuted in the context of an inquiry into cyber-crime”.

“We are a state of law, and any person who commits a violation must be responsible for their acts,” he said.

Berdei Targui will be “presented to a judicial authority which will consider his future,” Arabi said, adding: “Contrary to what human rights organisations think, detained people (in Chad) are never tortured.”

Berdei Targuio is a prominent campaigner in Chad, a country whose record on human rights has long been criticised by watchdogs.

He has often attacked Deby and the government on social media.

His arrest on social media came two days after posting on Facebook that Deby, in power for three decades, was seriously ill and had been hospitalised, according to Amnesty.


On January 22, Deby, 67, returned to Chad after a nine-day stay in France.

Rumours of ill health have proliferated, although the president has since made numerous TV appearances and attended the African Union (AU) summit in Addis Ababa on Sunday and Monday.

AFP
(AFP) Amnesty International said the head of a human rights group in Chad was being “secretly detained” for saying on social media that President Idriss Deby Itno had been hospitalised.

The authorities confirmed that Baradine Berdei Targuio, head of the Chadian Organisation for Human Rights, was being investigated in connection with “cyber crime.” But they dismissed any claims that his life was in danger.

In a statement, Amnesty said Berdei Targuio was arrested at his home in front of his wife and children by “armed and masked men” on January 24.

“He was reportedly taken to the National Security Agency,” Chad’s domestic and foreign intelligence agency, “and his family has not seen him since,” it said.

“Several people have already been submitted to acts of torture and other mistreatment during their detention at the ANS and Amnesty International therefore believes that Baradine Berdei Targuio could be in danger,” it alleged.

Justice Minister Djimet Arabi told AFP that Berdei Targui was being “prosecuted in the context of an inquiry into cyber-crime”.

“We are a state of law, and any person who commits a violation must be responsible for their acts,” he said.

Berdei Targui will be “presented to a judicial authority which will consider his future,” Arabi said, adding: “Contrary to what human rights organisations think, detained people (in Chad) are never tortured.”

Berdei Targuio is a prominent campaigner in Chad, a country whose record on human rights has long been criticised by watchdogs.

He has often attacked Deby and the government on social media.

His arrest on social media came two days after posting on Facebook that Deby, in power for three decades, was seriously ill and had been hospitalised, according to Amnesty.


On January 22, Deby, 67, returned to Chad after a nine-day stay in France.

Rumours of ill health have proliferated, although the president has since made numerous TV appearances and attended the African Union (AU) summit in Addis Ababa on Sunday and Monday.

AFP

Hong Kong housing block evacuated after virus cluster find

Hong Kong housing block evacuated after virus cluster find

More than 100 people were evacuated from a Hong Kong housing block on Tuesday after four residents in two different apartments tested positive for the new coronavirus.

Locals were forced to leave in the early hours as health officials in masks and white overalls scrambled to work out whether the virus had spread through the 35-storey complex that houses some 3,000 people.

Hong Kong is on high alert for any potential "super spreader" events, especially in the towering housing blocks that make the city one of the world's most densely populated places.

During the 2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which killed 299 people in Hong Kong, 42 deaths came from just one housing block where about 300 people were infected.

In that outbreak, the virus was found to have spread through faulty drainage pipes.

Officials said Tuesday's relocation of residents in Tsing Yi district was a precautionary measure after three members of the same family contracted the virus.

The family lived 10 floors directly below another man who had already been diagnosed as a carrier.

"We are not sure what was the exact route of transmission," Wong Ka-hing, from the Centre for Health Protection, told reporters.

"It could still be through the usual method of droplets or contact."

Nonetheless the occupants of 35 flats connected to the same drainage system were moved out.

Health secretary Sophia Chan said four residents who showed flu-like symptoms were taken to a hospital isolation ward but later tested negative for the virus. The others were taken to quarantine camps.

- 'Not enough masks' -

Residents on Tuesday morning found their neighbourhood filled with police and health officials.

"Of course I'm scared," a 59-year-old resident, who gave her surname as Chan, told AFP.

"I live with my son, daughter-in-law, grandchildren and my husband. We seldom go out already because we don't have enough masks. I don't allow my grandchildren to play in the hallway. Now we can't even stay at home."

There are now 49 confirmed cases of the virus in Hong Kong, including a cluster of 10 family members who had all shared a hotpot meal with an infected person.

The SARS epidemic left profound psychological scars on Hong Kong and saddled locals with a deep distrust of authorities in Beijing who initially covered up the outbreak.

The financial hub has been hit by panic buying even though the government has said imports remain steady.

There is an acute shortage of face masks -- including in hospitals where stocks are being rapidly depleted -- fuelling anger towards the city's pro-Beijing leaders.

On Saturday, the city began enforcing a 14-day mandatory quarantine for anyone arriving from mainland China after resisting calls to close the border.

So far, about 2,200 people have crossed the border. The vast majority have been told to self-quarantine at home while a few dozen without addresses have been taken to government facilities.

Yuen Kwok-yuen, an expert from a University of Hong Kong team that is studying the virus, said the city's bid to halt outbreaks should be easier now that arrivals from the mainland have been dramatically curbed.

"We are now still seeing the rise of case number because the infection chain is not broken yet," he told reporters.

"If we all have done what we can, the infection chain will soon be broken."
More than 100 people were evacuated from a Hong Kong housing block on Tuesday after four residents in two different apartments tested positive for the new coronavirus.

Locals were forced to leave in the early hours as health officials in masks and white overalls scrambled to work out whether the virus had spread through the 35-storey complex that houses some 3,000 people.

Hong Kong is on high alert for any potential "super spreader" events, especially in the towering housing blocks that make the city one of the world's most densely populated places.

During the 2003 outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which killed 299 people in Hong Kong, 42 deaths came from just one housing block where about 300 people were infected.

In that outbreak, the virus was found to have spread through faulty drainage pipes.

Officials said Tuesday's relocation of residents in Tsing Yi district was a precautionary measure after three members of the same family contracted the virus.

The family lived 10 floors directly below another man who had already been diagnosed as a carrier.

"We are not sure what was the exact route of transmission," Wong Ka-hing, from the Centre for Health Protection, told reporters.

"It could still be through the usual method of droplets or contact."

Nonetheless the occupants of 35 flats connected to the same drainage system were moved out.

Health secretary Sophia Chan said four residents who showed flu-like symptoms were taken to a hospital isolation ward but later tested negative for the virus. The others were taken to quarantine camps.

- 'Not enough masks' -

Residents on Tuesday morning found their neighbourhood filled with police and health officials.

"Of course I'm scared," a 59-year-old resident, who gave her surname as Chan, told AFP.

"I live with my son, daughter-in-law, grandchildren and my husband. We seldom go out already because we don't have enough masks. I don't allow my grandchildren to play in the hallway. Now we can't even stay at home."

There are now 49 confirmed cases of the virus in Hong Kong, including a cluster of 10 family members who had all shared a hotpot meal with an infected person.

The SARS epidemic left profound psychological scars on Hong Kong and saddled locals with a deep distrust of authorities in Beijing who initially covered up the outbreak.

The financial hub has been hit by panic buying even though the government has said imports remain steady.

There is an acute shortage of face masks -- including in hospitals where stocks are being rapidly depleted -- fuelling anger towards the city's pro-Beijing leaders.

On Saturday, the city began enforcing a 14-day mandatory quarantine for anyone arriving from mainland China after resisting calls to close the border.

So far, about 2,200 people have crossed the border. The vast majority have been told to self-quarantine at home while a few dozen without addresses have been taken to government facilities.

Yuen Kwok-yuen, an expert from a University of Hong Kong team that is studying the virus, said the city's bid to halt outbreaks should be easier now that arrivals from the mainland have been dramatically curbed.

"We are now still seeing the rise of case number because the infection chain is not broken yet," he told reporters.

"If we all have done what we can, the infection chain will soon be broken."

Foreigners prepare to flee as China virus toll tops 106, and 4,500 confirmed cases

Foreigners prepare to flee as China virus toll tops 106, and 4,500 confirmed cases

A number of countries are chartering flights to evacuate their citizens from the coronavirus ravage China.


China deploys army medics to overwhelmed virus epicentre
The United States, Japan other nations raced Tuesday to get their citizens out of the locked-down Chinese city at ground zero of a virus epidemic, as the death toll surged to 106 and the number of confirmed infections doubled to over 4,500.

The contagion, which experts believe emanated from a wild animal market in the city of Wuhan last month, has triggered a desperate Chinese containment effort after spreading nationwide and to more than a dozen other countries.

The government has sealed off Wuhan and other cities in central Hubei province, effectively trapping more than 50 million people, including thousands of foreigners, in a bid to contain the virus as the high-travel Lunar New Year holiday unfolds.

"It's deeply stressful," Joseph Pacey, a 31-year-old Briton who teaches English in Wuhan, told AFP.


"The virus is scary, but the biggest fear for me is that this thing will go on for months, and it will get harder and harder to get supplies, and to live."

Governments are scrambling to devise ways to safely get their citizens out of the city of 11 million.

Japan announced it would send a chartered flight to Wuhan on Tuesday evening to evacuate about 200 of 650 Japanese nationals.

"We will also bring with it aid supplies such as masks and protective suits for Chinese people as well as for Japanese nationals," Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi said in Tokyo.

Motegi said the plane would leave Wuhan on Wednesday morning, and that efforts were being made ot organise more flights.

- Flight delays -

The United States was also trying to organise a rescue mission.

A chartered California-bound flight with limited space had been scheduled to leave Wuhan on Tuesday with consular staff and some American citizens.

But the State Department said it was postponed to Wednesday, without giving a reason.

France has also said it intends to fly its citizens out of the city in the middle of this week.

Several other countries also were working to repatriate their people, while Germany said it was considering doing so. Read More


A number of countries are chartering flights to evacuate their citizens from the coronavirus ravage China.


China deploys army medics to overwhelmed virus epicentre
The United States, Japan other nations raced Tuesday to get their citizens out of the locked-down Chinese city at ground zero of a virus epidemic, as the death toll surged to 106 and the number of confirmed infections doubled to over 4,500.

The contagion, which experts believe emanated from a wild animal market in the city of Wuhan last month, has triggered a desperate Chinese containment effort after spreading nationwide and to more than a dozen other countries.

The government has sealed off Wuhan and other cities in central Hubei province, effectively trapping more than 50 million people, including thousands of foreigners, in a bid to contain the virus as the high-travel Lunar New Year holiday unfolds.

"It's deeply stressful," Joseph Pacey, a 31-year-old Briton who teaches English in Wuhan, told AFP.


"The virus is scary, but the biggest fear for me is that this thing will go on for months, and it will get harder and harder to get supplies, and to live."

Governments are scrambling to devise ways to safely get their citizens out of the city of 11 million.

Japan announced it would send a chartered flight to Wuhan on Tuesday evening to evacuate about 200 of 650 Japanese nationals.

"We will also bring with it aid supplies such as masks and protective suits for Chinese people as well as for Japanese nationals," Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi said in Tokyo.

Motegi said the plane would leave Wuhan on Wednesday morning, and that efforts were being made ot organise more flights.

- Flight delays -

The United States was also trying to organise a rescue mission.

A chartered California-bound flight with limited space had been scheduled to leave Wuhan on Tuesday with consular staff and some American citizens.

But the State Department said it was postponed to Wednesday, without giving a reason.

France has also said it intends to fly its citizens out of the city in the middle of this week.

Several other countries also were working to repatriate their people, while Germany said it was considering doing so. Read More


Suicide bomber kills nine civilians in western Chad: army

Suicide bomber kills nine civilians in western Chad: army

Nine civilians were killed by a suicide bomber in a village in western Chad, an area targeted in the past by jihadist group Boko Haram, the army said on Monday.

According to an AFP report, the attack took place overnight Sunday into Monday in the village of Kaiga Kindjiria.

Developing story
Nine civilians were killed by a suicide bomber in a village in western Chad, an area targeted in the past by jihadist group Boko Haram, the army said on Monday.

According to an AFP report, the attack took place overnight Sunday into Monday in the village of Kaiga Kindjiria.

Developing story

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